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ABBREVIATIONS
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA ( CE)
CE)CODE OF CANON LAW (CIC)
THIS ROCK, MAGAZINE, PUBLISHED BY CATHOLIC ANSWERS, EDITOR - KARL KEATING (TR)
KARL KEATING (TR) |
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REVISED STANDARD VERSION (RSV)
NEW AMERICAN BIBLE (NAB)
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KING JAMES VERSION (KJV)
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THEOLOGICAL GRADES OF CERTAINTY (FCD)
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1. The highest degree of certainty appertains to the immediately revealed truths. The belief due to them is based on the authority of God Revealing (fides divina), and if the Church, through, its teaching, vouches for the fact, that a truth is contained in Revelation, one's certainty is then also based on the authority of the Infallible Teaching Authority of the Church (fides catolica). If Truths are defined by a solemn judgment of faith (definition) of the Pope or of a General Council, they are "de fide definita". (de fide)
2.Catholic truths or Church doctrines, on which the infallible Teaching Authority of the Church has finally decided, are to be accepted with a faith which is based on the sole authority of the Church (fides ecclesiastica). These truths are as infallibly ceratin as dogmas proper.
3. A Teaching proximate to Faith (sententia fidei proxima) is a doctrine, which is regarded by theologians generally as a Truth of Revelation, but which has not yet been finally promulgated as such by the Church. (sent proxima)
4. A Teaching pertaining to the Faith, i.e., theologically certain (sententia ad fidem pertinenis, i.e., theologice certa) is a doctrine, on which the Teaching Authority of the Church has not yet finally pronounced, but whose truth is guaranteed by its intrinsic connection with the doctrine of revelation (theological conclusion). (sent certa)
5. Common Teaching (sententia communis) is doctrine which in itself belongs to the field of the free opinions, but which is accepted generally theologians.
6. Theological opinions of lesser grades of certainty are called probable, more probable, well founded (sententia probabilis, probabilior, bene fundata). Those which are regarded as being in agreement with the consciousness of Faith of the Church are called pious opinions (sententia pia). The least degree of certainty is possessed by the tolerated opinion (opinio tolerata), which is only weakly founded, but which is tolerated by the Church.
With regard to the doctrinal teaching of the Church it must be well noted that not all the assertions of the Teaching Authority of the Church on questions of Faith and morals are infallible and consequently irrevocable. Only those are infallible which emanate from General Councils representing the whole episcopate, and the Papal Decisions Ex Cathedra (cf. D 1839). The ordinary and usual form of the Papal teaching activity is not infallible.
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TEACHERS
DR. SCOTT HAHN, PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY AT STEUBENVILLE UNIVERSITY, OHIO
Catholic Biblical School
FATHER BILL HALBING, PRIEST OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY
FATHER BENEDICT GROESCHEL, FRANCISCAN FRIARS OF THE RENEWAL, THE BRONX, NEW YORK
TIM STAPLES, RAISED BAPTIST, CONVERTED TO PENTECOSTAL, FINALLY CAME HOME TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH